This folder contains the data and code necessary to reproduce the results in "Accounting for Protest Voting in the U.S. Congress" by Anthony Fowler and Jeffrey B. Lewis. Please contact Anthony Fowler (anthony.fowler@uchicago.edu) with any questions.

All figures from the main text (plus Appendix Tables 1-4 and Appendix Figures 1 and 9) can be replicated using "code.do". These analyses were conducted using StataNow 19.5. Most personal computers should have sufficient computational power to conduct these analyses, and they can be completed in a few minutes or less. When constructing tables, the code utilizes the estout package. To install the package in Stata, type "ssc install estout".

These analyses require the following data sets:

idealpoint_estimates_51-117.csv: estimated ideal points that do and do not account for protest voting
	Key variables:
	cong: Congress number
	member: string conveying the name, party, and state of each member
	icpsr: unique identifier for each member
	expressive_ideal_idp: IRT estimates of ideology for each member-Congress that account for protest voting
	expressive_ideal_pprob: estimated probability (from the adjusted IRT model) that each member cast a protest vote in each Congress
	ideal_idp: IRT estimates of ideology for each member-Congress that do not account for protest voting
	expressive_wnominate_idp: W-NOMINATE estimates of ideology for each member-Congress that account for protest voting
	wnominate_idp: W-NOMINATE estimates of ideology for each member-Congress that do not account for protest voting

data_for_118th_scatter.csv: Estimates arising from an application of our model to data from the 118th Congress

stacked_idealpoints.csv: Estimates arising from an application of our model that pools data from all Congresses and estimates constant scores for each member

expressive_ideal_expected_expressive_by_votes_51-117.csv: bill-level data arising from our model

Hall_rollcalls: bill-level data from Voteview.com

Hall_members: member-level data from Voteview.com

dime_recipients_1979_2024: CF scores from DIME 4.0

house_member_campaign_receipts.csv: campaign fundraising data

Pres_CD_1952_2020.dta: Presidential election results by congressional district

HouseVoteShares.dta: Congressional election results

mc3ggum.dta: Estimates of ideology from Duck-Mayr and Montgomery (2023)

The data and code necessary to generate idealpoint_estimates_51-117.csv, data_for_118th_scatter.csv, stacked_idealpoints.csv, and expressive_ideal_expected_expressive_by_votes_51-117.csv, as well as the additional Appendix tables and figures not mentioned above, is available in the "Build_Data_and_Estimates" folder. That folder has its own readme file with more details and instructions. Those analyses were conducted using R. 












	




  